THAO MOC MANG
TEN COM VA BANH MI
PHAM DINH LAN, F.A.B.I.
Cac em than men,
Dau nam men goi cac em bai viet ve thao moc. Vai loai thao moc ma cac em song o nong thon Cu Chi, Hoc Mon, Binh Duong, Bien Hoa, Phuoc Tuy, Binh Tuy, Xuyen Moc rat quen thuoc nhung khong thay co cong dung gi ro rang. Do la thai do xem thuong nguoi quen mat thuong thay trong xa hoi loai nguoi.
Tran Ngoc Thanh, Do Thi Cai, Pham Thi Phuong, Khong Thi Che, Truong Minh Tue, Nguyen Manh Hung...nen de y den tieu de cay banh mi Thanh John (Phap: St Jean Baptiste) ve viec an cao cao. Trong bai toi nhan manh den cay carob ma nguoi Anh goi la locust tree (Cay cao cao). An cao cao va an trai cay cao cao hoan toan khac nhau.
Lam Thi Phuong, Nguyen Van Muot, Nguyen Viet Duc chac chan biet cay com ruou, cay com chay. Nguyen Viet Duc, Duong Duc Tai, Pham Ngoc Ninh biet cay com nguoi hay it ra biet trai com nguoi v.v. Gap nguoi quen roi do.
Van Su Lanh
Thay Lan
phamdinhlan (david)
Cach dat ten thong dung cua thao moc
doi khi trung lap nhau cho nhung loai thao moc khac nhau. Thong thuong cach dat ten thao moc dua tren
mau sac, huong vi, cong dung dinh duong va tri lieu cua chung.
Theo tua de cua bai viet nay co nhung
loai thao moc mang ten banh mi va com.
Do la hai thuc an quan trong cua loai nguoi. Com la thuc an cua cu dan vung khi hau nhiet
doi hay ban nhiet doi. Banh mi la thuc
an hang ngay cua cu dan vung khi hau on doi va ban han doi. Thao moc mang ten banh mi co cong dung dinh
duong nhu banh mi. Nhung thao moc mang
ten ‘Com’ khong duoc dung nhu com. Nguoi
ta goi la cay com chay hay cay com ruou vi mui cua chung giong com chay hay com
ruou cho khong phai vi trai cua chung dung de nau thanh com.
THAO MOC MANG TEN BANH MI
Cay
Banh Mi Tartar
Crambe
tartarica
Tartaria
hungrica
Gia
dinh: Cruciferae- Brassicaceae
Nguoi Tartars la
nhom nguoi du muc thuoc sac toc Mong Co va Turkish (Tho). Vao the ky tu XIII, duoi su chi huy cua
Genghis Khan (Thanh Cat Tu Han), ho thong tri Trung A, Dong A, Nam A va ca Dong
Au nua!
Cay banh mi Tartar moc hoang o Trung A
tu mien tay Tay Ba Loi A den phia bac bien Caspian, Hac Hai chay sang tan
Bulgaria, Hung Gia Loi den mien dong Tiep Khac bay gio. Nguoi Tartar dung cu cua cay banh mi moc
hoang nay de lam banh mi.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay banh mi Tartar la
Crambe tartarica thuoc gia dinh Cruciferae hay Brassicaceae cua cac loai cai.
No con mang ten khoa hoc Tartaria
hungarica vi duoc nguoi Hung Gia Loi dung de lam banh mi.
Cay banh mi Tartar cao loi 1 m. No moc thanh bui. Hoa co chum mau trang duc. Hoa luong tinh do cac loai con trung thu
phan. Cay can do am nhung no co the moc
tren vung dat co nhieu alkaline. La va cu cay banh mi Tartar deu an duoc (nau
chin hay an song). Cu to nhu cu cai
trang o Viet Nam, co vi ngot. Nguoi ta
an song hay luoc chin an voi dau an nhu dau o- liu chang han pha voi chut giam. Ngay xua quan linh de quoc La Ma dung cu cua
cay banh mi nay lam banh mi khi ho dong
quan o Pannonia tren lanh tho Hung Gia Loi bay gio. Day la mot loai cay luong thuc moc hoang nhu
day khoai nang (cu nang).
Cay
Banh Mi Thanh John
Cay
Carob
Ceratonia
siliqua
Gia
dinh: Fabaceae- Leguminosae
Goi la cay Carob vi am theo tieng A
Rap Kharrub. Nguoi Do Thai goi la Haruv. Cay Carob goc o
Syria. Nguoi Hy Lap du nhap cay Carob
vao Y Dai Loi. Nguoi A Rap truyen cay
Carob sang Bac Phi roi Tay Ban Nha va Bo dao Nha. Nguoi Tay Ban Nha dem cay Carob sang My
Chau. Uruguay la xu co nhieu vuon cay
Carob. Ngay nay no duoc tim thay khap
noi tren the gioi.
Cay Carob cao tu 10 den 15 m, de
trong, khong so nuoc man cung khong ngai su kho han. Hoa nho mau do. Trai giong nhu trai dau hinh chu C nhu trai
me giep. Trai an duoc. Nguoi Tho Nhi Ky vi trai Carob voi ‘sung de’
nen goi la Keciboynuzu. Nguoi Y goi la carrubio; nguoi Tay Ban Nha goi la algarrobo.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay
carob la Ceratonia siliqua thuoc gia
dinh Fabaceae. Theo ting Hy Lap keras la cai sung; siliqua
la tieng La Tinh co nghia la trai co vo ngoai giong trai dau. Ten thuong goi:
Anh A Rap Do Thai Y Tay
Ban Nha
St John’s bread Kharrub Haruv Carrubio Algarrobo
Locust tree .
Trong
Tan Uoc Kinh sach Matthiew 3:4 co viet: Quan
ao cua John lam bang long lac da. Ong mang
day thac lung bang da va thuc an la cao cao va mat ong.
Khong
biet thuc su Thanh John an cao cao (locust)
hay trai cao cao vi cay Carob duoc nguoi Anh goi la locust tree tuc cay cao cao hay cay banh mi Thanh John.
Tai sao goi la cay cao
cao (locust tree)? Vi trai nhieu treo tren
cay nhu cao cao? Cao cao hay dau tren
cay Carob? Goi la cay banh mi Thanh
John vi Thanh John an trai cay Carob tuc cay cao cao?
Quyen Thanh Kinh goc
duoc dung de dich ra ngoai ngu viet bang ngon ngu gi? Hy Lap ngu?
La Tinh? Hebrew? Va trong do nguoi ta dung chu gi (Hy Lap ngu,
La Tinh hay Hebrew) de duoc dich thanh locust
(cao cao)? Neu do la tu ngu cua
Hebrew thi ta nho cac dai hoc Do Thai cho biet chu ay co nghia la gi? Con cao cao hay trai cay cao cao tuc cay Carob?
Neu Thanh John an cao
cao thi nguoi Anh nham lan khi goi cay Carob la cay banh mi Thanh John (St John’s bread tree) chang?
Chuyen nho nay se lam
cho cac nha nghien cuu mat nhieu thi gio va cong suc de tim ra su that: Thanh John an cao cao (locust) hay an trai cay cao cao (locust tree)?
Cay Carob cho bong mat, go, tot va
nhieu trai an duoc. Trai Carob co nhieu
duong (72%). Nguoi ta dung trai Carob de
nuoi suc vat hay nghien thanh bot de thay the so-co-la hay ca phe, lam nuoc
giai khat hay cat ruou. No duoc dung
trong thuc an, banh, keo. Nhua cua hot
trai Carob duoc dung trong ky nghe duoc pham, my pham, ky nghe det, son, phim
anh, thuoc diet trung, nganh nhuom. Go
dung de dong ban ghe.
Trai Carob co 72% duong, nhieu calories, proteins, chat voi, phosphorus, soi, carbohydrates, chat beo va tro.
Nguoi Ai Cap co thich an trai
Carob.
Nguoi Do Thai co truyen thong an trai
Carob vao dip le Tu Bishvat tuc le
mung nam moi cho cay co vao thang gieng, thang 02 moi nam. Vao ngay nay nguoi ta trong cay moi va an
trai sung ngot (fig), nho, cha la,
trai Carob. Do la ngay hoa hanh no o Do
Thai.
Tin do Hoi Giao dung nuoc ep cua trai
Carob vao le Ramadan.
Ngay xua nguoi ta dung hot Carob lam
don vi can do da qui, kim cuong, va vang.
Chu carat do chu keration cua Hy Lap ma ra. Mot carat
loi 0.2 gram. Vang nguyen chat la vang
24 carat (vang 999) (Carat hay Karat)
Trai Carob cam mau, nhuan truong, tri
ho, tieu chay. Vo cay Carob co nhieu tannins.
THAO MOC MANG TEN COM
Cay
Com Chay
Cay
Thuoc Moi
Sambucus
javanica
Sambucus
nigra
Gia
dinh: Caprifoliaceae
Goi la cay com chay vi la va trai cay
com chay nghien nat co mui hoi nhu com khet.
Cay com chay hay cay thuoc Moi la mot loai cay nho cao tu 3 den 5
m. Than cay nho, mem va gion. La nhon moc doi nhau. Hoa ket thanh chum mau trang. Trai chin mau vang.
Cay com chay duoc tim thay nhieu o
Dong Nam A, cac hai dao Thai Binh Duong, Trung Hoa va luc dia My Chau nhiet doi
hay ban nhiet doi.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay com chay la Sambucus javanica (thuoc ve dao Java)
hay Sambucus nigra (nigra: den, hac vi vay no duoc menh danh
la cay thuoc Moi) thuoc gia dinh Caprifoliaceae.
Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh Tagalog Viet Nam
Elderberry Saudo Cay Com Chay
Chinese
elder Cay
Thuoc Moi
Japanese
elder
Nguoi ta cho rang cay com chay co doc
chat nhe trong re, la va mam non. Neu
dem luoc chin thi doc chat bien mat va co the an duoc. Re cay com chay co chlorogenic acid C16 H18 O9.
Cay co ochnaflavone khang viem
nhu kim ngan hoa (nhan dong Lonicera
japonica). La va re com chay dung de
tri dau nhuc, te thap, binh ve xuong cot.
Trai loc mau va tay xo. Cay nhuan
tieu. Tat ca nhung cong dung tri lieu
tren duoc ap dung trong y hoc dan gian o Trung Hoa, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Lao
v.v.
Cay
Com Nep
Strobilanthes
acrocephalus
Gia
dinh: Acanthaceae
That su day la mot loai day goc o mien
A Chau nhiet doi. No duoc tim thay nhieu
o Nepal, An Do, Mien Dien. La co rang
cua va co long min. Hoa mau trang.
Goi la cay com nep vi khi heo tan cay
toat len mui com nep. Cay com nep co flavone, apigennin va piperridine alkaloids: conhydrine va conhydrinone.
Cay com nep duoc xem la huot
truong va lam giam dau.
Thao moc mang ten khoa hoc Polyganum kingianum thuoc gia dinh Liliaceae cua hoa hue hay gia dinh Convallariaceae cung duoc goi la cay com
nep. Ten goi cua nguoi Anh la Solomon’s seal (Hoa ngoc an Solomon) vi
goc cay hoa nay co hinh ngoc an cua vua Solomon. Nguoi Trung Hoa goi la Dian huang jing.
Cay cao tu 1 den 2 m; la nho va
dai. Cay moc tren dat kho can, trong cac
hoc da. Hoa hinh chuong mau vang-
do. Trai va hot co doc chat. Cay non luoc chin an duoc va khong doc.
Cay hoa ngoc an Solomon hay cay com
nep duoc dung lam thuoc sat trung, thuoc tri xo dong mach, tri mo trong gan,
ho, viem phoi, ho lao. Hoa ngoc an
Solomon co steroids, saponins,
gentrogenin, kingianosides A- D.
Cay
Com Nguoi
Ardisia
humilis
Ardisia
solanacea
Ardisia
myrsinoides
Ardisia
annamensis
Gia
dinh: Myrsinaceae
Cay
com nguoi goc o Dong Nam A. No duoc tim
thay nhieu o Viet Nam, Phi Luat Tan, Cambodia, Thai Lan, Ma Lai, An Do.
Cay com nguoi cao tu 2 den 5 m. La dai, giep hinh bau duc. La xanh tuoi va lang. Hoa mau trang- hong co 05 canh trong dep mat. Trai tron mau hong khi chin mau den-tim sam
ket thanh chum. Trai co mot hot. Trai an duoc nhung khong co huong vi dac
biet. Co le vi vay ma nguoi Viet Nam gan
cho no ten ‘Com Nguoi’ tam hieu la an duoc nhung khong ngon (ngot lo). Com nguoi nui Dinh o Phuoc Tuy (Ba Ria) Ardisia dinhensis (nui Dinh) co hoa
trang.
O Viet Nam co cac loai cay com nguoi
sau day:
- cay
com nguoi nam Ardisia annamensis
- cay
com nguoi nui Dinh Ardisia dinhensis
hoa trang, la dai va co long
- cay
com nguoi xanh la co mut, trai mau xanh mang ten khoa hoc Ardisia virens.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay com nguoi la Ardisia humilis thuoc gia dinh Myrsinaceae.
Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh Phap Trung Hoa An
Do
ardisia ardisie
elleptique ai zi
jin niu Bisi
jet berry (ai
tu kim nguu)
low shoe butto ardisia
O Nhat co cay com nguoi Ardisia japonica, trai tron mau do. Cay
cao loi 50- 70 cm; la to, lang co rang cua ngoai ria. Hoa trang- hong nhat. Trai chin mau den- tim an duoc. Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh Nhat Trung Hoa
Red coral berry Yabukooji Zi jin niu
Japanese ardisia (Tu
kim nguu)
marlberry
Thay thuoc Hoa y
dung Zi jin niu (tu kim nguu- cay com
nguoi Nhat Ban) lam thuoc tri viem gan, ung thu gan, viem phoi.
Cay com nguoi Nhat Ban con duoc dung
de lam thuoc tieu hoa, loc mau, thong phoi.
La dung de tri ung thu, buou doc.
Re nhuan tieu, loc mau. Than cay
sac nuoc uong tri huyet tien (hematuria)
O Mien Dien nguoi ta dung cay com
nguoi de tri chung roi loan kinh nguyet phu nu.
Cay
Com Ruou
Son
Tieu Cuc
Cay
Buoi Bung
Glycosmis
pentaphylla
Glycosmis
cochinchinensis
Limonia
pentaphylla
Loureria
cochinchinensis
Gia
dinh: Rutaceae
Cay com ruou (buoi bung; son tieu cuc)
duoc tim thay nhieu o cac quoc gia A chau nhiet doi, bac Uc Dai Loi, hai dao
Thai Binh Duong, hai dao trong bien Caribbean.
Do la mot loai cay nho; than cay gion va cao khong qua 5 m. Cay co nhieu nhanh, la dai va rong,
lang. Khi vo nat la co mui nong. Hoa nho mau trang. Trai tron, nhieu nuoc mau hong rat dep. Trai an duoc , vi ngot- dang. Trai co mot hot kha to so voi the tich cua
toan trai com ruou.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay com ruou (cay
buoi bung) la Glycosmis pentaphylla
(nam <05> la) thuoc gia dinh cam quit Rutaceae. Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh Thai Trung Hoa Lao Tagalog
orange berry Khoet taai Shan xiao ju So sum Gingging
Cay com ruou moc tu
nhien cho khong ai trong vi cay khong dep, trai khong ngon nen khong ai trong.
O An Do , theo kinh nghiem tri lieu
dan gian, nguoi ta gia la cay com ruou vat nuoc de tri sot, san lai, binh
gan.
O Viet Nam va cac quoc gia lan
bang nguoi ta gia la cay com ruou, vat
nuoc cho phu nu moi sinh con uong de an ngon com. Cay com ruou con duoc dung de tri ran can.
Cay com ruou co arborinine, carbazole alkaloids (glycozolicine, 3- formyl carbazole,
glycosinine), mupamine.
Bai viet tong hop trich tu The Gioi Thao Moc Tu Dien do tac gia
Pham Dinh Lan bien soan.
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