Cac em than men,
Toi goi den cac em bai viet dinh kem giua khuya dang theo doi hurricane tien ve Texas tu Gulf of Mexico voi nhung loi cau xin cho con bao giam bot con thinh no cho cac em Texas va cu dan o do duoc binh an vo su. O Texas co Nguyen Thi Minh Tri, Nguyen Thi Be, Pham Thi Chanh, Nguyen Viet Hieu, Pham Van Tien (xa vung bao), Nguyen Thi Thanh Duong, Nguyen Dang Cung, Nguyen Van Vinh, Tran Van Tao, Dinh Quang Dai, Le Van Bon, Phan Tan Nhat v.v. Van Su Lanh sau su cau xin cua toi.
Van Su Lanh
Thay Lan
phamdinhlan (david)
DONG HO GIA DINH HO TIEU
PHAM DINH LAN, F.A.B.I.
Dong ho gia dinh Ho Tieu khong dong
dao lam. Do la mot gia dinh noi tieng
cay nong goc o vung nhiet doi hay ban nhiet doi tren the gioi. Ho Tieu la mot huong lieu qui gia doi voi cu
dan song trong vung khi hau on doi va han doi.
Vao thoi thuong co nguoi Au Chau rat qui que va ho tieu. Hai huong lieu nay den tu An Do qua trung
gian cac nuoc Trung Dong.
Vao thoi Trung Co cac hai cang cua Y
nhat la Venice tro nen tru phu nho giao dich voi cac thuong nhan A Rap. Cac thuong nhan nay ban to lua Trung Hoa, mot loai to lua dac
biet duoc nguoi Au Chau tran qui va huong lieu mua tu An Do.
Con duong xuyen sa mac noi lien Trung
Dong tuc mien dong Dia Trung Hai voi Trung Hoa la Duong To Lua (Silk Road).
Duong bien huong ve An Do la Duong
Huong Lieu (Spice Road). Thoi ay
chua co kinh dao Suez nen tau buom phai dung mot hai trinh xa xoi va nguy hiem
noi lien Dai Tay Duong voi An Do Duong xuyen qua Cap de Bonne Esperance (Mui
Hao Vong) tren duong den An Do.
Huong lieu la hot, trai, vo, cu co
huong thom va cay nong. Vai loai huong
lieu co tinh sat trung duoc dung trong y
hoc tri lieu, ky nghe my pham, nghi thuc
ton giao ngoai cong dung thong thuong la dung trong viec nau nuong. Huong lieu gom: gung, nghe, rieng, que, dau
khau, dinh huong, hoi huong, ho tieu, tieu lot, tieu chuoi hay tieu Java vi co
nhieu o Java (Piper cubeba).
Bo Dao Nha, Hoa Lan, Anh la nhung quoc
gia som phat trien hang hai. Tau be Bo
Dao Nha roi Hoa Lan va Anh som den Nam A roi Dong Nam A noi co nhieu huong
lieu. Cac quoc gia tren som lam giau nho
ban huong lieu tren luc dia Au Chau. Bo
Dao Nha chiem mot phan Indonesia truoc khi bi Hoa Lan danh bai. Quan dao Indonesia tro thanh thuoc dia cua
Hoa Lan. Anh chiem An Do. Indonesia va An Do la hai quoc gia to lon san
xuat nhieu huong lieu tren the gioi.
Bai viet nay chi de cap den ho tieu va
dong ho gia dinh Ho Tieu. Trau, tieu
lot, la lot, rau cang cua deu thuoc gia dinh Piperaceae cua Ho
Tieu. La trau, la tieu so, la tieu lot,
la lot deu hão hão giong nhau. La trau
lang, to hinh trai tim mau xanh- vang; la tieu hay la lot nho hon la trau. La lang mau xanh sam.
Trau an khong duoc nhung co mot vai
tro dac biet trong giao te va hon le cua nguoi Viet Nam voi:
Mieng trau la dau cau chuyen.
Trau heo ruou lat.
Trau cau la nghia,
Thuoc xia la tinh.
Trau cung co
vai tro nhat dinh trong y hoc tri lieu. Tuc
nhuom rang, an trau phai dan voi thoi gian.
Rau cang cua khong co ngoai hinh giong
trau, la lot, ho tieu nhung co huong vi cay nong nhu la trau, la lot.
Vai tro cua ho tieu trong thuc an cua
loai nguoi van vung vang nhu xua. Tam
quan trong va gia tri kinh te cua no khong duoc nhu xua. Ngay nay ngoai cac quoc gia Nam A, Dong Nam A
tieu co the trong o bac Uc Dai Loi, hai dao Thai Binh Duong, An Do Duong, vung
bien Caribbean, Nam My nhiet doi. Duong
Huong Lieu mac nhien bi xoa ten.
****
Trau, tieu lot deu la than thuoc cua
ho tieu. Chung toi co dip noi qua ve
trau Piper betle trong bai Trau
Cau trong art2all.net va Tieu Lot Piper longum trong
bai Thao Moc Tri Ho Lao Tren The Gioi cung trong art2all.net.
Trong bai viet nay chung toi khong lap lai hai loai thao moc tren.
Nguoi Anh dung chu pepper de
chi nhung loai thao moc co vi cay. Ot
cay va duoc goi la red pepper vi ot chuyen sang mau do khi chin doi lai
voi black pepper la ho tieu vi hot tieu kho mau den. Trong cach goi ten thao moc thong thuong cua
nguoi Anh co rat nhieu chu pepper mac du khong lien he gi den ho tieu va
gia dinh Piperaceae ngoai tru vi cay nong.
RAU CANG CUA
Peperomia pellucida
Peperomia hymenophylla
Peperomia exigua
Peperomia translucent
Piper pellicudum
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
Rau cang cua la mot loai xa- lach- son (Cresson-
watercress) o mien nhiet doi va ban nhiet doi tren the gioi. Do la mot loai rau moc hoang cao tu 15- 30
cm; than mem, mong nuoc mau trang duc, co nhieu nhanh. O Nam My rau cang cua co the cao den 1 m. La rau cang cua mau xanh tuoi hinh trai
tim. Hoa moc thang, co nhieu hot nho bam
tren nhuy hoa tua nhu gai. Khi gia hot
chuyen sang mau den.
Rau cang cua thuong moc trong bong mat
trong cac bui tre, hay o vung am uot, dam lay.
Do la thuc an re tien nhung ngon, bo duong va cung la mot loai rau hoang
co nhieu duoc tinh duoc nghien cuu rat nhieu.
Rau cang cua co vi cay nong cua mustard (hot cai vang cay nong de
an voi mi) hay wasabi ma nguoi Nhat dung de an sushi.
Ten thong dung cua rau cang cua la:
Quoc Gia Ten Goi
Viet Nam Rau cang cua; Ho tieu
thao (Han- Viet)
Trung Hoa Cao hujiao (Thao ho
tieu)
Anh silver bush,
shiny bush (mau bac cua rau cang cua), rat’s ear
(hinh
dang cua la), pepper elder.
Nhat Usuba suna
kosho
Brazil Coraçãozinho
(trai tim nho)
Ma Lai Ketampangan
Thai Lan Phak krasang
Sanskrit
(Phan) Toyakandha;
Varshaboo
Rau cang cua co sesquiterpenes,
carotol C15 H26 O, acacetin C16 H12 O5, apigenin C15 H10 O5,
pellucidatin, physterols, arylpropanoids, peperomin C22 H20 O8 (co kha nang tri ung thu phoi). Rau cang cua khang viem, khang nam, khang
trung Baccillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.
Rau cang cua co nhieu cong dung tri lieu trong y hoc
dan gian o Nam A, Dong Nam A va Nam My.
No dung de tri dau bung, met moi, u choc tren dau, ti thap (gout- thong
phong), suy than, nhuc dau, dau tuyen tien liet, cao huyet ap.
O Brazil rau cang cua duoc dung de ha cholesterol.
O Nam My rau cang cua duoc dung de lam
giam uric acid C5 H4 N4 O3, tri binh ngoai da v.v.
O Viet Nam rau cang cua duoc dung lam
rau cai, lam goi rau cang cua voi buoi, thom, bong mit voi nuoc mam chanh, toi,
ot, duong. Neu co tom, thit thi no tro
thanh cai xa lach son cua mien nhiet doi.
Rau cang cua duoc dung de tri nhuc dau va gay hung phan. No khong co doc chat nhung dung nhieu co the
gay ra binh suyen.
LA LOT
Piper lolot
Piper sarmentosum
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
La lot hay la lop la mot loai thao moc
mien nhiet doi, than thuoc gan cua trau va ho tieu. La lot giong la ho tieu ve hinh dang (trai
tim) lan mau sac so voi la trau hinh trai tim nhung mau xanh- vang. Cac tai lieu thuc vat hoc cua Hoa Ky biet den
la lot qua nguoi Viet Nam ty nan o Hoa Ky sau nam 1975. Nhieu tai lieu cho rang Viet Nam la sinh quan
cua la lot. Thuc te la lot co nhieu o Nam A va Dong Nam A. No duoc dung trong nha bep Viet Nam, Thai
Lan, Lao, Khmer, Ma Lai, Indonesia. Thit
bo nuong voi la lot la mon an duoc ua thich cua nguoi Viet Nam. Thit bo nuong la lot phai an voi mam nem.
Cay la lot cao tu 50- 60 cm; la hinh
trai tim mau xanh sam. Mat tren cua la
lang, nhu co dau. Cac gan la o mat duoi
co long min. La vo nat co mui cay
nong. Hoa nhan nhui. Trai tron, nho. Trong cac vuon mang cut o Binh Nham, An Son,
Hung Dinh trong quan Lai Thieu co nhieu cay la lot do chim an trai va phong
thai hot.
Ten khoa hoc cua la lot (la lop) la Piper
lolot (xem ten khac tren tua) thuoc gia dinh Piperaceae cua ho
tieu. Chu ‘lot’ co the do am cuoi chu LOLOT
ma ra. Nguoi mien Nam am thanh LOP. Nguoi Lao goi la phat I leut. Ten goi thong thuong la:
Quoc Gia Ten Goi
Viet Nam La lot, La
lop
Anh lolot,
wild betel (trau rung), lolot pepper, Chaa-plu
(Goi
theo Thai Lan)
Phap poivre
lolot
Lao Phat
I Leut
Thai Lan Chaa phulu
Ma &
Indonesia Kaduk
v.v.
La lot co naringenin C15 H12 O5 khang viem,
khang oxy hoa. Hoat chat trong trai la
lot co acid amide co kha nang diet trung lao (TB), trung sot ret. La lot duoc dung de tri: te thap, nhuc dau,
dau rang, lam thuoc dap, khang viem, loi phe, tri ho lao, tieu duong. Cac nha khoa hoc Indonesia quan tam den kha
nang tri lieu cua la lot. La lot dang
duoc nghien cuu xem co kha nang tri ung thu gan co ket qua khong.
HO TIEU
Piper nigrum
Piper longum
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
Chung toi cho tieu so va tieu lop vao tua de Ho
Tieu. Do la mot loai day leo mien nhiet
doi va ban nhiet doi co trai tron nho (tieu so) hay trai dai (tieu lot). An Do, Indonesia, Ma Lai, Viet Nam, Cambodia
la nhung quoc gia trong nhieu ho tieu.
Ten khoa hoc cua ho tieu la Piper
nigrum (nigrum: den) thuoc gia dinh Piperaceae. Ten goi thong thuong:
Quoc Gia Ten
Goi
Viet Nam Tieu,
ho tieu (Ho: ro Ho <am chi cac dan toc ngoai Trung
Hoa>,
tieu: tieu hoa), tieu so
Anh Black
pepper
Phap Poivre
An Do Kaalee
mirch
Trung Hoa Hujiao (Ho Tieu)
An Do da dung ho tieu vao viec nau
nuong va lam thuoc vao nam 2000 truoc Tay Lich. Nguoi
ta tim thay dau vet cua hot tieu trong lo mui cua via Ai Cap, Ramses II (1303-
1213 truoc Tay Lich), trong co mo. Tu A
Chau ho tieu den Hy Lap khoang the ky thu IV truoc Tay Lich. De quoc La Ma truyen ba viec dung ho tieu
trong de quoc tren luc dia Au Chau. Den
the ky XVI nguoi Au Chau de y nhieu den huong lieu o Nam A va Dong A nhu da de
y den to lua cua Trung Hoa.
Hien nay Viet Nam la quoc gia san xuat
34% tong so san luong ho tieu tren the gioi (163,000 tan); Indonesia: 89,000
tan (18%); An Do: 53, 000 tan (9%); Brazil: 42,000 tan (13%); Ma Lai: 38,400
(8%); Thai Lan: 19,200 (4%); Trung Hoa: 31,000 tan (6%) v.v. Gia ho tieu tren thi truong the gioi sut giam
doi chut. Hien gia ban mot tan chi con
loi 5,000 My kim.
Vung trong tieu o Viet Nam la Ha Tien,
Phu Quoc, Quang Tri. O Viet Nam tieu Ha
Tien va Phu Quoc duoc xem la tieu ngon.
Tren the gioi tieu ngon la tieu
Malabar va Thalassery o An Do.
Tieu so la tieu den, hot tron. Tieu lot co trai dai loi 3 cm. Tieu so duoc dung trong nau nuong nhieu hon
tieu lot. Tieu so gia nhuyen nhu bot
duoc cho vao canh nhu cau hat ru em o Viet Nam noi: Bo tieu cho ngot, bo
hanh cho thom. Tieu dung de kho ca,
uop ca, uop kho, uop thit de khu mui va tang huong vi thom va cay nong. Nguoi ta ham bao tu heo voi tieu hot an cho
am bao tu (ho tieu loi cho su tieu hoa) theo cach tri lieu ‘an gi bo nay’. Nguoi ta cung cho tieu hot vao nem, cha lua,
tre, gio bi v.v. Tieu lot co lich su tri
lieu lau doi ngay tu thoi Hippocrate (460- 370 truc Tay Lich), ong to nganh Tay
Y.
Tieu co piperine, sabinene,
limonene, caryophyllene, linalool. Tieu
so hay tieu lot deu giup ich cho su tieu hoa, loi trung tien, lam am bung, chan
dung tho ta, tao su them an, hung phan than kinh, lam cho mau huyet luu thong
de dang. Tieu co tinh kich duc, lam am
tu cung. Tieu duoc dung de thoa bop tri
te thap. Re day tieu dung lam am tu cung
thuan loi cho su thu thai.
Chat piperine C17 H19 NO3 gay
vi cay nong cho ho tieu. Gap khong khi piperine mat huong vi.
Do la ly do cho thay tai sao tieu xay nhuyen khong co huong vi cung
khong cay nhu tieu hot. Piperine lay
tu hot tieu duoc dung trong ky nghe nuoc hoa va ky nghe san xuat thuoc sat
trung.
Nguoi Trung Hoa co bot Ngu Vi
Huong. Nguoi An Do co Tam Vi Huong. TAM VI HUONG gom co:
Tieu So+ Tieu Lot+ Gung Kho
Ho tieu duoc dung lam thuoc tri tao
bon, tieu chay, dau tai, dau tim, dau mang ruot, khan tieng, bi con trung can,
mat ngu, dau khop xuong, binh ve gan, phoi v.v.
On Nhu Hau
Nguyen Gia Thieu noi ve ho tieu trong Cung Oan Ngam Khuc nhu sau:
Trai vach que gio vang hiu hat,
Manh vu y lanh ngat nhu dong.
Oan chi nhung khach tieu phong
Ma xuoi phan bac nam trong ma dao.
Trong ca dao hay nhung khuc hat ru
con o Viet Nam de cap den ho tieu nhu sau:
Trong trau ma lon day tieu,
Con theo hat boi me lieu con hu.
*
Khoan khoan mo bung con ga,
Bi dao xac nho tieu ca bo vo.
TIEU DO
Piper rubrum
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
Loai tieu do nay duoc tim thay o Yunnan (Van Nam). Tieu do cung cay nong nhu cac loai tieu khac
nhung khong duoc dac dung trong doi song
hang ngay.
Ten khoa hoc cua tieu do la Piper
rubrum thuoc gia dinh Piperaceae.
Nguoi Trung Hoa goi la Hong guo hujiao (Hong Qua Ho Tieu).
TIEU LA LANG
Piper politifolium
Piper laetispicum
Piper maclurei
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
Tieu la lang duoc tim thay nhieu o dao Hainan (dao Hai
Nam), Guangdong (Quang Dong) va o Nam Bo nhu Ha Tien, Phu Quoc noi co nhieu don
dien ho tieu va co nhieu nguoi Viet goc Hoa sinh song. Vung Kampot (Viet Nam goi la Can Bot) o
Cambodia cung la vung lan can cua Ha Tien nen cung co nhieu don dien trong tieu
noi tieng o Cambodia.
Nguoi Trung
Hoa goi tieu la lang la Da Ye ju (Dai Diep Cuc).
TIEU JAVA
Tieu That
Piper cubeba
Gia dinh: Piperaceae
Tieu that hay tieu Java. Goi nhu the vi loai tieu nay duoc tim thay
nhieu o Java, Sumatra tren quan dao Indonesia.
Hot tieu co cuong dai; la dai, dau la nhon mau xanh sam. Trai ket thanh chum. Khi phoi kho trai mau den, co cuong dai nen nguoi Anh goi la ‘tieu
co duoi’ (tailed pepper).
Ten khoa hoc cua tieu Java hay tieu
that la Piper cubeba thuoc gia dinh Piperaceae. Ten goi thong thuong:
Quoc Gia Ten Goi
Viet Nam Tieu that,
tieu Java
Anh tailed
pepper, Java pepper, Cubeb pepper
Phap Quilibes; Poivre de Java; Poivre a
queue
An Do Kabab
chini (Tieu Trung Hoa); Shital chini
Sanskrit
(Phan) Rebuke
Trung Hoa Bi cheng jia
(Tat trung gia) (1)
Nhat Kubeba
Indonesia Kamukus
Tieu Java duoc cac thuong nhan A Rap
dung duong bien An Do Duong den Java, Sumatra va cac dao khac tren quan dao
Indonesia mua va dem ban cho nguoi Au Chau vao thoi Trung Co. Cac thuong nhan A Rap dem giong tieu nay
trong o An Do. Nguoi An Do tuong giong
ho tieu nay goc o Trung Hoa nen goi la Kabab Chini (Ho tieu Trung Hoa).
Tu thoi nha Duong (Tang dynasty) cac
Dong y si Trung Hoa dung tieu Java de tao su them an, nhuom toc den, lam thom
va lam am co the. Tieu Java loi phe, loi
cho tieu hoa, gay trung tien, nhuan tieu.
Nguoi An Do dung tieu Java tri chung
hoi mieng (halitosis), tri sot, ho, kich duc cho nam lan nu (thuoc dap
vao bo phan sinh duc nam, nu de kich thich su huong thu tinh duc).
Tay Y dung tieu Java lam thuoc tri dau
cuong hong, phong tinh, lam lau.
Tieu Java cung duoc dung trong nau nuong
nhu cac loai ho tieu khac. Tieu Java
(tieu that) co 15% tinh dau. Chat Cubebene
C15 H24, phan loang mau vang- xanh trong dau, co mui long nao. Dau tieu Java duoc dung trong ky nghe my
pham, ky nghe xa bong thom. Tieu Java co
cubebic acid, alkaloid piperine.
Bai viet tong
hop due vao The Gioi Thao Moc Tu Dien do Pham Dinh Lan bien soan.
Chu Thich:
(1) Bi
cheng jia: Tat trung gia (Tat:
cay tat, cay bui; Trung: loc; nuoc trong; Gia: cuong nhu cuong
sen chang han. (Do nu duoc si Lam Thi Phuong, Uc Dai Loi, am va dien
giai). Chan thanh cam on nu duoc si.
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