Cac em than men,
Men goi cac em bai viet ve huong lieu Dia Trung Hai de nhin lai huong lieu A Chau. Sau khi de quoc La Ma sup do nguoi Y dong vai tro trung gian ua huong lieu tu nguoi A Rap ban lai Au Chau. Marco Polo dich than di bo sang Trung Hoa thoi nha Nguyen. Cac thuong nhan A Rap vua mua huong lieu o Nam A va Dong Nam A vua truyen giang dao Hoi 0 Ma Lai, Indonesia, Chiem Thanh, Mindanao (Phi Luat Tan). Cai gi cung co chut huong vi lich su va dia ly cua no.
Van Su Lanh
Thay Lan
phamdinhlan (david)
HUONG LIEU DIA
TRUNG HAI
PHAM DINH LAN, F.A.B.I.
Dia
Trung Hai rong 2.5 trieu km2 la bien noi lien ba luc dia Au Chau, A Chau va Phi
Chau. Dia Trung Hai an thong voi Dai Tay
Duong bang eo bien Gibraltar va noi lien voi Hong Hai bang kinh dao Suez. Hong Hai an thong ra An Do Duong.
Cac
quoc gia co bo bien tren Dia Trung Hai la:
1. Au
Chau: Tay Ban Nha Phap, Y, Albania,
Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Hy Lap, Cyprus, Malta
2. Tay
A (Trung Dong): Tho Nhi ky, Syria,
Lebanon, Do Thai, Palestine (Gaza)
3. Phi
Chau: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya,
Ai Cap.
Hy Lap la cai noi cua van hoa Au
Chau. Alexander Dai De tung dua dao quan
chinh phuc sang tan song Indus tren tieu luc dia An Do tu the ky IV truoc Tay
Lich.
Ai Cap noi tieng voi van minh Kim Tu
Thap ket hop cung van minh Luong Ha Chau (Mesopotamia) tren chau tho song
Tigris va Euphrates.
De quoc La Ma thong tri tu Dai Tay
Duong den bo dong cua Dia Trung Hai.
De quoc Tho Nhi Ky mot thoi do ho cac
quoc gia mien dong Dia Trung Hai bao gom mien dong nam Au Chau va cac quoc gia
o mien nam Dia Trung Hai.
Ve ton giao do la giao diem cua van
hoa Thien Chua Giao La Ma, Hoi Giao va Chinh Thong Giao.
Dia Trung Hai xua kia la hai lo thuong
mai cua nguoi Pheonicians va nguoi Hy Lap.
Vao thoi Trung Co thanh pho Venice tro nen hung thinh nho trao doi hang
hoa voi cac nuoc phuong dong nhu An Do va xa hon la Trung Hoa. Tu do xuat hien hai con duong thuong mai giua
Au Chau va A Chau:
a. Duong
bien la Duong Huong Lieu do cac nha hang hai Bo Dao Nha va Hoa Lan khai thong
truoc tien.
b. Duong
bo la Duong To Lua do Marco Polo, cong dan thanh pho Venice, dich than mo
duong.
Cac nuoc trong vung Dia Trung Hai co
khi hau dai duong, mat troi choi loi, bien trong xanh. Khi hau tuong doi kho nay thich hop cho viec
trong nho, o-liu, cay bo (avocado), hanh nhan, cam, quit, hoa hong, hoa hue,
cac loai cay huong lieu dung de cho vao cac thuc an cua cac dan toc song trong
vung. Ngoai tru cac dan toc theo dao Hoi
khong an thit heo va khong uong ruou, cac dan toc quanh vung Dia Trung Hai an
nhieu thit truu, de, bo, ca, ga, vit, heo va uong ruou nho nhat la cac nuoc
Thien Chua Giao. Huong lieu thuong dung
la nguyet que, rau carum hay thi la
Ba Tu, kinh gioi, huong thao (rosemary), huong lieu paprika, rau hung cay nui, long thao (tarragon) v.v. Cac loai huong lieu dat tien vao thoi Trung
Co trong vung la huong lieu mua tu cac nuoc Nam A va Dong Nam A nhu dau khau,
dai hoi, dinh huong, ho tieu, que, nghe, rieng, toi, gung v.v.
Trong bai nay lan luot chung toi trinh
bay vai loai huong lieu vua ke qua o phan tren trong vung Dia Trung Hai duoc
dung de cho vao thuc an hay lam thuoc.
HUONG
THAO
Rosemary
Rosmarinus
officinalis
Gia
dinh: Lamiaceae
Dung chu huong thao nghe co ve xa la
nhung neu dung chu rosemary thi nhieu
nguoi hieu ngay. Nguoi Phap goi la rosemarie va Tay Ban Nha goi la Romero.
Nhung dung chiet tu chu rosemarie cua Phap de goi do la hoa hong cua Me
Marie thi khong dung vi day la mot loai huong lieu khong co hoa dep nhu hoa
hong. Neu chiet tu ten khoa hoc Rosmarinus officinalis thuoc gia dinh Lamiaceae thi ta co Ros: suong; marinus: bien
(La Tinh) tuc hai suong vi hoa cay
huong thao mau trang nhat xa xa trong nhu suong.
Huong thao co the cao tu 1 den 2
m. Than co long; la nhuyen va nhon nhu
cay kim, co huong thom. Hoa nho mau
trang nhat, trang- xanh nhat, hong hay tim nhat. Huong thao la thao moc thich hop voi khi hau
Dia Trung Hai nhu vung Florida va California cua Hoa Ky.
Nguoi Au Chau, Trung Dong va Bac Phi
dung la huong thao uop thit, ca cho co huong thom. Nguoi ta cung dung la cho vao sup, ra -gu de
tao mui thom cho thuc an tang them phan thom ngon va hap dan.
Nguoi Ai Cap ngay xua dung la huong
thao goi dau cho sach va thom toc.
Ngay xua nguoi ta tin rang mui thom
huong thao lam tri oc thanh than va tri nho gia tang. Nguoi Hy Lap co mang vong hoa huong thao
trong nguoi voi hy vong gia tang tri nho trong luc di thi.
Huong thao co tinh khang viem, khang
nam, dieu hoa mat trong ruot, gay phat han (do mo hoi), dieu kinh, tri mat ngu,
tang cuong tri nho, giam lo au. Dung qua
lieu co the gay truy thai doi voi phu nu mang thai.
Hoa huong thao uop kho lam cho quan ao
duoc thom va xua duoi con trung.
La huong thao co camphor, rosemaridiphenol, rosmanol, caffeic acid, ursolic acid,
betulinic acid, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid.
Dau co borneol, bornylacetate, camphene, cineol,
pinene.
Dau huong thao khong uong duoc vi co
the gay tu vong. Dau duoc dung trong ky
nghe san xuat nuoc hoa.
NGUYET QUE DIA TRUNG HAI
Bay
Leaf
Laurus
nobilis
Gia
dinh: Lauraceae
Chung toi goi la nguyet que Dia Trung
Hai de phan biet voi nhieu loai nguyet que khac co xuat xu khac nhau. Ten khoa hoc cua nguyet que Dia Trung Hai la
Laurus nobilis thuoc gia dinh Lauraceae. Nguoi Anh goi la laurel tree, bay leaf, bay tree, sweet bay tree.
Cay nguyet que Dia Trung Hai cao tu
10- 12 m; la lang mau xanh. Gan la noi
bat chay tu cuong la den dau la; ria la gon song. La nguyet que Dia Trung Hai rat thom; hoa nho
mau vang. Trai co dau beo.
La kho dung de cho vao sup, ra- gu,
pa-te, thit ham cho co huong thom nong o Hy Lap va cac quoc gia Au Chau ven Dia
Trung Hai. O Thai Lan nguoi ta cung dung
la nguyet que Dia Trung Hai cho vao mon
bai kra wan cua ho.
Gian, ruoi, moi,
chuot, loai con trung khong canh (silverfish) ky mui thom nguyet que Dia Trung
Hai.
La nguyet que Dia Trung Hai dung de
cat dau dung trong ky nghe dau thom. Dau
co eugenol C10 H12 O2, eucalyptol, terpene, sesquiterpenes,
methyleugenol, alpha-beta- pinene, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol,
terpinol. Dau dung trong tri lieu
xoa bop, huong tri lieu, tri te thap, dau tai, cao huyet ap.
La nguyet que Dia Trung Hai duoc nguoi Hy Lap ket thanh vuong mien cho
nguoi thang cuoc choi. No la bieu tuong
cua su thang loi. Nguoi La Ma cung co y
nghi tuong tu. Trong Thanh Kinh nguyet
que Dia Trung Hai bieu tuong cho danh tieng, thinh vuong va su phuc sinh cua
Chua Jesus.
HUONG LIEU PAPRIKA
Ot-
Lac Tu
Capsicum
annuum
Gia
dinh: Solanaceae
Nguyen lieu cua huong lieu paprika la loai ot cay mau do phoi kho
ngoai troi roi xay nhuyen thanh bot. Co
loai paprika khong co hot ot. Co loat xay nhuyen luon ca hot. Ot cay la do chat capsaicin C18 H27 No3. Chat capsaicin cang nhieu ot cang cay.
Ten khoa hoc cua cay ot la Capsicum annuum thuoc gia dinh Solanaceae. Ten Han -Viet cua cay ot la lac tu hay tan lac tu.
Ot co mau trang, vang, xanh va do.
Nguoi ta chi chon ot cay mau do de lam paprika.
Bo Dao Nha la quoc gia som phat trien
hang hai. Tay Ban Nha la nuoc kham pha
Tan Luc Dia (My Chau) noi xuat phat cua cay ot.
Nguoi Bo Dao Nha du nhap ot vao A Chau vao the ky XVI. Nguoi Tay Ban Nha dem hot ot ve trong tren
ban dao Iberia vao dau the ky XVI. Tu do
ot duoc trong o cac nuoc ven Dia Trung Hai.
Nhu vay huong lieu paprika thuc
te xuat phat tu que huong cua cay ot tuc la tu luc dia My Chau. Nguoi Tay Ban Nha goi ot la pimento; Phap: piment; Anh: chilli pepper, red pepper, Cayenne pepper.
Ot duoc du nhap vao
mien dong Dia Trung Hai dong thoi voi su banh truong cua de quoc Ottoman. De quoc Tho Nhi Ky co anh huong tu Dong Nam Au Chau sang Trung
Dong vong qua Bac Phi tuc tu dong bac Dia Trung Hai, dong Dia Trung Hai sang
toan the cac nuoc Bac Phi o phia nam Dia Trung Hai. Huong lieu paprika thuc su thinh hanh o Hung Gia Loi vao the ky XIX. Danh tu nay vao tu dien Anh nam 1896. Paprika
co anh huong dan dan o Duc. Chu paprika co goc cua chu piperi cua Hy Lap co nghia la ot. Ngay nay Nhat cung co huong lieu paprika ma ho goi la papurika.
Cac xu Hung Gia Loi, Serbia, Tay Ban Nha san xuat nhieu huong lieu paprika.
Hoa Lan la quoc gia cung cap nguyen lieu san xuat huong lieu nay. Paprika
co mau do tham vi su hien dien cua zeaxanthin
C40 H56 O2. Huong lieu paprika co:
- sinh
to A: 66%
- sinh
to B6: 5%
- Fe:
7%
- Ca:
1%
Nguoi Hung Gia Loi cho huong lieu paprika vao mon gulyas cua ho. Nguoi Hoa Ky
goi thuc an nay la goulash. Do la mon thit (truu, bo, de) nau voi mo,
hanh, toi, ca chua, khoai tay, ot chuong voi huong lieu paprika. Nguyen thuy mon an
nay la mon an cua nhung nguoi Magyar chan truu o Hung Gia Loi xua kia. Ngay nay no tro thanh mon an dac thu cua ca
nuoc.
Ot co sinh to C, sinh to A, B6, potassium, magnesium, sat, protein v.v. Nguoi ta dung ot de tri thong phong (ket hop
voi vo cay ky ninh Cinchona pubescens
va dap len cho dau), tri sinh bung, tri, tieu chay, kiet ly, sot xuat huyet va
phong ngua say song.
O Viet Nam ot duoc dung de lam tuong
ot. Ot co gia cao vao dip Tet Nguyen
Dan. Nhieu nong dan cac xa Phu Huu, An
My, Phu Chanh trong tinh Binh Duong co loi tuc kha cao nho trong nghe va
ot. Ot la cay huong lieu de trong, co
trai trong vong 03 thang va de che bien (tuong ot, ot phoi kho, ot bot, ot
sa-te v.v.).
THI LA BA TU: RAU CARUM
Persian
cumin- Caraway
Carum
carvi
Gia
dinh: Apiaceae
Thi la Ba Tu la mot loai co cao tu 60
den 70 cm, bong ruot; la nho va dai, co mui thom nong; hoa nho mau trang hinh
tan du ; trai co nhieu hot co nhieu dau.
Do la loai thao moc goc o Tay A tuc dong Dia Trung Hai tuc Trung Dong
ngay nay.
Ten khoa hoc cua thi la Ba Tu hay rau carum la Carum carvi thuoc gia dinh Apiaceae. Goi la rau carum do ten thanh pho Caria
o Tho Nhi Ky, vung duoc xem la noi xuat phat cua loai rau nay. Nguoi Anh goi la caraway, Persian cumin.
Nguoi Ai Cap va cac dan toc Trung Dong da dung thi la Ba Tu tu 5,000 nam
nay. Nguoi Au Chau moi biet rau nay vao
the ky XIII qua nhung cuoc Thanh Chien voi nguoi Hoi Giao.
La, cu va hot thi la Ba Tu deu an
duoc. Hot co nhieu dau. Trung binh 20
ki- lo hot cho 1 ki-lo dau carum. Nguoi ta cho hot carum vao banh mi hay rau cai de an. Hot carum
co protein, magnesium, potassium,
phosphorus, sinh to A.
La va trai carum thom nong va co carvone,
limonene. La duoc cho vao sup, ra-gu
cho co mui thom.
Dau carum duoc dung trong ky nghe san xuat nuoc hoa, xa bong, thuoc sat
ky sinh trung.
La, cu va hot duoc dung lam thuoc truc
lai, sinh bung, loet da day, tieu chay, chuot rut trong thoi ky phu nu co kinh,
viem phe quan, lam sang mat vi co sinh to A.
CO CA RI
Fenugreek
Trigonella
foenum- graecum
Gia
dinh: Fabaceae
Ten goi co ca ri nhac cho chung ta mui
vi cua no trong mon ca-ri o An Do va cac nuoc Trung Dong. Vung Dia Trung Hai la noi phat tich co
ca-ri. No cung duoc tim thay o An Do,
Pakistan, Phap, Tay Ban Nha, Trung Hoa.
Do la loai co luu nien , la co rang cua nhuyen. Ba la ket lai thanh hinh tam diep. Hoa hinh tam giac mau trang. Trai duoi dang trai dau. Theo tieng La Tinh foenum- graecum co nghia la rom Hy Lap. Trigonella
co nghia la hinh tam giac am chi hinh dang cua hoa co ca-ri.
Ten khoa hoc cua co ca-ri la Trigonella foenum- graecum thuoc gia
dinh Fabaceae. Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh An Do A Rap Ma Lai
Fenugreek Methi Hilbeh Halta
Cong dung:
- Cu
co vi dang nhung neu nau hay nuong vi dang giam di. Cu nghien thanh bot cho vao banh mi, ra- gu
va cac thuc an chien xao.
- Hot
co mui thom tron voi cai xa lach duoc xem la bo gan, bo than va tao su cuong
trang cho bo phan sinh duc.
- Hot
dung de cat dau. Dau duoc dung trong ky
nghe thuc pham.
- Co
ca-ri duoc trong lam huong lieu va la nguon thuc an cua thu vat. Tu the ky thu VII truoc Tay Lich nguoi Ai Cap
biet dung co ca- ri lam thuoc uong khi bi hanh kinh. O Ai Cap va cac nuoc Trung Dong nguoi ta nau
co ca-ri phoi kho de uong nhu tra. Tra
nay danh cho phu nu moi sinh con uong.
- O
Trung Hoa co ca-ri duoc dung lam thuoc bo than, giam dau, ha cholesterol, ha huyet ap, giam duong
trong mau, tri cuoc khi, lanh duc (frigidity),
kinh nguyet dau don.
- O
An Do do la thuoc kich duc, tri binh phoi, tieu hoa suy nhuoc co the, tri tieu
duong, ha sot, ha huyet ap, khang trung, nhuan truong.
- Thanh
phan hoa hoc: Co ca-ri co polysaccharides, galactomannan, saponins
(diogenin, yamogenin), alklaloids (choline trigonelline).
RAU HUNG DIA TRUNG HAI
Thyme
Thymus
vulgaris
Gia
dinh: Lamiaceae
Do la than thuoc cua bac ha va kinh
gioi. Rau hung Dia Trung Hai cao loi 50,
60 cm; than cay mau hung do; la tron, ria la gon song mau xanh sam tren mat;
mat duoi mau nhat hon. La co mui
thom. Hoa mau trang-xanh nhat. Trai co hot den, nho li ti.
Rau hung Dia Trung Hai duoc dung lam
rau, cho vao sup, thuc an cho co mui thom, trong trong vuon lam canh va dung
lam thuoc.
Ten khoa hoc la Thymus vulgaris thuoc gia dinh Lamiaceae. Nguoi Anh goi la thyme; A Rap: Zatar.
Cong dung:
- la
an duoc, cho vao thuc an cho co huong thom.
Nguoi ta cho la rau hung vao nuoc cham, trung chien, trung omelette,
sup, thuc an lam tu ca de khu mui tanh cua ca.
- La
va than rau dung de cat dau. Dau co tu
20- 55% thymol C10 H14 O, p- cymene, myrcene, borneol, linalool. La kho dung lam tra uong tri ho, ho ga,
viem phe quan. La tuoi lam nuoc suc
mieng. Thymol khang nam thuong thay o cac ngon chan.
- Hippocrates
(460 tr Tay Lich - 370 tr. T.L ), Thanh to Tay Y dung rau hung tri binh ve ho
hap. Theo nhung khao cuu gan day kem lam
bang rau hung tri mun trung ca (acne)
co hieu qua cao hon ca (Dai Hoc Leeds Metropolitan University, England).
- hoa,
la, dau rau hung dung de tri dai dam, tieu chay, dau bung, sinh bung, dau khop
xuong, dau cuong hong, ho, ho ga, tang them nuoc tieu, viem phe quan.
- Ngay
xua nguoi Ai Cap dung rau hung de uop xac chet.
Nguoi Hy Lap dung rau hung de nau nuoc tam. Cay rau hung kho duoc dot nhu nhang toa mui
thom trong cac den. Huong thom cua rau hung la nguon can dam cua nguoi ngui
no. Thoi de quoc La Ma rau hung duoc
khuyen khich trong o cac nuoc chiu anh
huong cua de quoc La Ma. Vao thoi Trung
Co nguoi ta dat rau hung trong goi de ngu yen khong bi ac mong.
Rau hung Dia Trung Hai tuoi co sinh to
C, sinh to A, sat, manganese, soi,
dong v.v.
Trong vung Dia Trung Hai nhat la o Tho
Nhi Ky co rau hung nui tuc rau hung hoang duoc dung lam huong lieu cho vao
sup. Nguoi ta cung an la rau hung hoang
nay nhu rau cai.
Ten khoa hoc cua rau hung hoang nay la
Thymbra spicata thuoc gia dinh Lamiaceae.
Ten goi thong thuong:
Anh Tho Nhi Ky A Rap
Wild thyme Zahter Zatar
Cach goi ten cua
nguoi A Rap cung giong nhu da goi rau hung Dia Trung Hai ma chung ta da noi
qua. Ve hinh dang rau hung hoang cung
hao hao nhu rau hung Dia Trung Hai Thymus
vulgaris.
La rau hung hoang rat thom. La duoc dung de cat dau. Dau co carvacrol
C10 H14 O khang trung, khang viem, ha cholesterol,
bao ve gan. La kho dung de lam tra hay
huong lieu cho vao thuc an. O Tho Nhi Ky
nguoi ta hai rau hung hoang de ban lam huong lieu qua nhieu den noi chanh phu
phai giao duc dan chung tranh su khai thac bua bai co the gay tuyet chung loai
rau hung hoang qui gia nay.
LONG THAO
Tarragon
Artemisia
dracunculus
Gia
dinh: Compositae
Tarragon
hay estragon deu am trai tu chu dragon (con rong). Nguoi Anh goi la dragon herb. Long thao
la mot loai thao moc co lien he than thuoc voi nhan tran, ngai cuu dong
Artemisia (do ten cua Nu Than Artemis trong huyen thoai Hy Lap). Long thao duoc tim thay nhieu o Tay A (Trung
Dong), cac quoc gia ven Dia Trung Hai.
Cay cao tu 60- 100 cm. La nho va
dai. La tuoi hay kho deu co huong
thom. Hoa mau trang hay vang- xanh
nhat. Vai loai hot long thao doi khi
khong nay mam de co cay con.
Ten
khoa hoc cua long thao la Artemisia
dracunculus thuoc gia dinh Asteraceae
hay Compositae cua hoa cuc, hoa
huong duong. Nguoi Anh goi la tarragon nhu Phap hay dragon herb.
Cong
dung:
- la
long thao duoc dung nhu rau cai. La duoc
cho vao trung, thuc an co ca, nuoc cham Bearnaise co giam de co mui thom hoi
huong (anise) cua long thao. Cac dau bep Phap thuong dung long thao cho
vao cac mon an cua ho. Co noi nguoi ta
cho long thao vao banh ngot. Co noi
nguoi ta thich an mon an nau bang thit ga
co huong vi long thao. Long thao
Phap duoc duoc cac nha nau bep ca ngoi nhieu hon long thao Nga.
- la
long thao dung de cat dau. Dau co nhieu methy chavicol tuc estragole C10 H12 O va methy
eugenol C11 H14 O2. La long thao co
sinh to A, C, B6, sat, potassium, protein
v.v.
- long
thao duoc dung de tri binh scorbutus
do thieu sinh to C (da xuat huyet, nuou rang ruom mau), dieu kinh, ha sot, truc
lai, tri non mua, dau bung, tieu hoa bat thong, te thap (thuoc dap). Con trung ky
mui long thao.
KINH GIOI O
Origanum
syriacum
Gia
dinh: Lamiaceae
Theo chiet tu tu Hy
Lap ngu Oros: nui; Ganos:
niem no, han hoan, dong thao moc
Origanum co nghia la niem han hoan cua nui.
Nguoi ta goi kinh gioi o co le dua vao mau sac cua nui chang? Theo tieng Hy Lap Oreiganon la mot loai co dang.
Thao
moc mang ten khoa hoc Origanum syriacum
thuoc gia dinh Lamiaceae goc o Tay A
(Syriacum: xu Syria). Nguoi Anh goi kinh
gioi la oregano, majoram.
Kinh gioi o Origanum syriacum la bai huong duoc de cap nhieu trong Thanh
Kinh. Cay cao loi 50, 60 cm; than va la
co long. La mau xanh nhat, co rang
cua. Than va la co mui thom nong.
Tu 2000 nam truoc nguoi Hy Lap va Do
Thai da dung kinh gioi o trong nha bep cua ho. Ho cung dung no trong viec tri binh cho san
phu. La va than dung de cat dau, lam
tra. La tuoi an nhu rau tron voi xa
lach, dau o- liu, hanh, toi, ca chua.
Kinh gioi o hoang Origanum vulgare cung co cong dung tuong tu. Vi dong Origanum
co nhieu flavonoids, carvacrol, thymol. La kinh gioi o Origanum vulgare duoc cat dau dung tri cam, sot, kinh nguyet. Dau cung duoc dung trong ky nghe san xuat xa
bong tam goi, ky nghe nuoc hoa va ky nghe thuc pham.
****
Xem nhu the huong lieu Dia Trung Hai
khong cay nong nhu huong lieu o cac nuoc A Chau. Huong lieu tieu bieu o A Chau la:
- Ngu
Vi Huong cua Trung Hoa: 1. hoi huong Illicium verum 2. que Cinnamomum zeylanicum 3. ho tieu moc Tu
Xuyen Zanthoxylum simulans 4. hot thi
la Anethum graveolens 5. dinh huong Eugenia aromaticum)
- Ngu
Vi Huong An Do: 1. ho tieu Piper nigrum 2. que Cinnamomum zeylanicum 3. dinh huong Eugenia aromaticum 4. thi la Ai Cap Cuminum cyminum 5. dau khau Amomum
cardamon.
- That
Vi Huong Nhat Ban: 1. ho tieu moc Tu
Xuyen Zanthoxylum simulans 2 & 3.
me trang va me den Sesamum indicum 4.
rong bien Fucus vesiculosis 5. tran
bi Citrus deliciosa 6. ot Capsicum annuum 7. hot can sa Cannibalis sativa).
Do la ly do tai sao
vao the ky XVI nguoi Au Chau phai mo duong huong lieu xa xoi de mua huong lieu
tu Nam A, Dong Nam A dem ve Au Chau ban voi gia dat. Nguoi Bo Dao Nha den An Do, Ma Lai, Indonesia
truoc tien. Ho bi Hoa Lan hat chan ra
khoi Indonesia. Tu nam 1600 Hoa Lan bien
quan dao Indonesia thanh thuoc dia cua ho.
Hoa Lan doc quyen ve huong lieu do Indonesia san xuat. Vai tro thuong mai cua Venice giam sut truoc
su phat trien hang hai cua Bo Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Hoa Lan, Phap va Anh.
Ghi
chu: Phan lon noi dung bai viet nay dua
vao The Gioi Thao Moc Tu Dien do tac gia Pham Dinh Lan bien soan.
